Titans of the study of religion

Tóth István 
(1944 - 2006)

Field of research: Roman Religion, Oriental Cults in Pannonia (especially the cult of Mithras), Latin Epigraphy

Nationality: Hungarian

Alumny: University of Pécs, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ancient History, Hungary (link)

Major contributions: CIMRM Supplementum for Pannonia, important studies related to the Cult of Mithras in Pannonia (the Poetovio system), propagation of ancient history in Hungary

Publications' list:

More than 300 publications. (full list here)

1. Mithram esse coronam suam . (Bemerkungen über den dogmatischen Hintergrund der Initiationsriten der Mithramysterien .) Acta Classica Univ. Sc. Debrecen. 2, 1996, 73-79.
2. The Cult of Juppiter Sol invictus deus genitor in Dacia . Acta Classica Univ. Sc. Debrecen. 6, 1970, 71-74.
3. Destruction of the sanctuaries of Iuppiter Dolichenus at the Rhine and in the Danube Region (235-238) . Acta Archaeologica Hung. 25, 1973, 109-116.
4. Iuppiter Dolichenus-tanulmányok . /Iuppiter Dolichenus-Studien./ Az ELTE Ókori Történeti Tanszékeinek Kiadv. 15. Budapest, ELTE Házi soksz., 1976. 172 p.
5. Das lokale System der Mithraischen Personifikationen im Gebiet von Poetovio . Archeološki Vestnik 28, 1977, 385-392.
6. A rómaiak Magyarországon. 2. kiadás. 1979
7. Das groβe Kultbild des Mithräums und die Probleme des Mithras-Kultes in Intercisa . Specimina Nova 1985, 37-56. [mit Zsolt Visy]
8. Magna Mater és Attis kultuszának emlékei Pannoniában - Katalógus . - Die Denkmäler des Kultes von Magna Mater und Attis in Pannonien - Katalog . A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 29, 1984 (1985), 127-161.
9. Der Kult der kleinasiatischen Götter in Pannonien . Specimina Nova 1987, 107-130.
10. Addenda Pannonica Mithriaca . (Additios to the Work of M. J. Vermaseren. Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae) . Specimina Nova 1988, 17-73.
11. The Cult of Cybele and Attis in Pannonia . Specimina Nova 6, 1990 (1991), 119-158.
12. A Dacian „Apostle" of the cult of Mithras? Specimina Nova 8, 1992, 153-160.
13. A római kori keleti vallások pannoniai történetének kérdései . (I . A kisázsiai és iráni eredetű kultuszok .) /Fragen der Geschichte römerzeitlichen orientalischen Kulte in Pannonien. (I. Kleinasiatische und persische Kulte.)/ Kandidátusi értekezés. Pécs 1993. 263 p. (manuscript)
14. Zsidó hitközösségek a római Pannoniában . /Jüdische Gemeinden im römischen Pannonien./ Múlt és Jövő 1995/4, 105-109.
15. Bevezetés a római feliratok világába . /Einführung in die Welt der römischen Inschriften/ Pécs, University Press Pécs, 1999. 219 p. [mit Ádám Szabó]
16. Mithras Pannonicus . Esszék - Essays . Specimina Nova 17, 2003. 146 p.
17. Das Fest Pannoniens: III Idus Iunias . In: Bölcske. Römische Inschriften und Funde. In Memorian Sándor Soproni. (Hrsg.: Á. Szabó - E. Tóth) Libelli Archaeologici No. II. Bp. 2003. Budapest, 2003, 377-384.
18. Pannoniai vallástörténet . /Pannonische Religionsgeschichte./ Akadémiai doktori értekezés. Pécs 2004. 208 p. (Kézirat)

Related pages:

Tóth István and the Fertőrákos mithraeum

Necrolog from acad. Török László 

Actualities: The Religious History of the Roman Empire

The Religious History of the Roman Empire - Pagans, Jews and Christians (J. A. North, Emeritus Professor of History, University College London, and S. R. F. Price, Emeritus Fellow, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford), 608.p. appeared in may, 2011. and it is the newest synthesis about Roman Religion. With four chapters and seventeen articles by the greatest names in the field, the book is a good introduction to the Roman Religion (by the way, very similar to the Blackwell Companion to the Roman Religion, 2007, sometimes using the same methods- as one of the co-authors, Jörg Rüpke also mentioned in his introductory article).

Abstract of the book from the site of the OUP:"This collection of papers, many of them either published here in English for the first time or previously available only in specialist libraries, deals with the religious history of the Roman Empire. Written by leading scholars, the essays have contributed to a revolutionary change in our understanding of the religious situation of the time, and illuminate both the world religions of Christianity and Judaism and the religious life of the pagan Empire in which these developed and which deeply influenced their characters. No knowledge of ancient languages is presupposed, so the book is accessible to all who are interested in the history of this crucial period."(loc.cit.)

Table of contents:

John North & Simon Price: Introduction I. Changes in Religious Life: Roman and Civic Cults 1: Jörg Rüpke: Roman Religion and the Religion of Empire: Some Reflections on Method 2: Richard Gordon: The Roman Imperial Cult and the Question of Power 3: J. B. Rives: Magic in Roman Law: The Reconstruction of a Crime 4: William Van Andringa: New Combinations and New Statuses: The Indigenous Gods in the Pantheons of the Cities of Roman Gaul 5: Nicole Belayche: Hypsistos: A Way of Exalting the Gods in Graeco-Roman Polytheism 6: Andreas Bendlin: On the Uses and Disadvantages of Divination: Oracles and their Literary Representations in the Time of the Second Sophistic II. Elective Cults 7: Simon Price: Homogeneity and Diversity in the Religions of Rome 8: Giulia Sfameni Gasparro: Oriental Mysteries and Cults: A Problem in the History of Religions 9: Richard Gordon: Ritual and Hierarchy in the Mysteries of Mithras 10: John Scheid: Community and Community: Reflections on Some Ambiguities Based on the Thiasoi of Roman Egypt III. Coexistence of Religions, Old and New 11: Philip Harland: Acculturation and Identity in the Diaspora: A Jewish Family and 'Pagan' Guilds at Hierapolis 12: Martin Goodman: Josephus and Variety in First-Century Judaism 13: Judith Lieu: The Forging of Christian Identity and the Letter To Diognetus 14: Guy G. Stroumsa: Purification and its Discontents: Mani's Rejection of Baptism 15: J. A. North: Pagans, Polytheists and the Pendulum IV. Late Antiquity 16: Averil Cameron: Early Christianity and the Discourse of Female Desire 17: Peter Brown: Enjoying the Saints in Late Antiquity Related works in this topic:

Actualities: A new book about the images of the Gods

Divine Images and Human Imaginations in Ancient Greece and Rome  2010, 456.pp. (edited by Joannis Mylonopoulos ) is the 170.th volum of the famous Brill Editure in the series of RGRW (continuation of EPRO).

The topic of the images of Gods is a problematic discussion especially in the focus of the art historians and historians of religion (see the debate in the article of Richard Gordon, Image and Value in the Graeco-Roman World, Studies in Mithraism and Religious Art, Variorum, Aldershot, 1996).

Short presentation of the book on the page of Brill:

"The polytheistic religious systems of ancient Greece and Rome reveal an imaginative attitude towards the construction of the divine. One of the most important instruments in this process was certainly the visualisation. Images of the gods transformed the divine world into a visually experienceable entity, comprehensible even without a theoretical or theological superstructure. For the illiterates, images were together with oral traditions and rituals the only possibility to approach the idea of the divine; for the intellectuals, images of the gods could be allegorically transcended symbols to reflect upon. Based on the art historical and textual evidence, this volume offers a fresh view on the historical, literary, and artistic significance of divine images as powerful visual media of religious and intellectual communication" (loc.cit.)

The book's review in Bryn Mawr Classical Review: here

Other books in this topic:

Green, Miranda, An Archaeology of Images – Iconology and cosmology in Iron Age and Roman Europe, London – New York, 2004

Studying Roman Religion - brief history of research

Varro, the father of
the study of Roman
Religion

Georg Wissowa

The scientific study of Roman Religion is strict related to the history of religious studies itself (Religionswissenschaft). Studying "religion" was always a delicate topic, and nowadays there are a library full bibliography about it, using the same methods (historical, phenomenological, psichological, sociological, philosophical approach of the topic) as in the general study of religions (Pettazonni, Eliade, Bianchi, Hinnells) sometimes with interesting exceptions (Charachidze's contrastualism). 

This phenomenon begins in the ancient times: Greek, Etruscan and Roman auctors examined Roman religion as a socio- cultural or theological phenomenon (Varro, Hecataeus, Herodotos, Cicero, the mythographs etc.).

Franz Altheim

The scientific research begins in the XVIII. century with German theologists, such Johann Adam Hartung or Friedrich Scheiermacher. In the XIX. century the study of Religion - especially after the evolution of archaeology as science and the huge influence of Freud, Darwin and the translation of ancient Oriental literature - European conception about religion changed radically (Frazer, Taylor). In this period was written the basic work of Georg Wissowa about Roman religion (Religion und Kultus der Römer) which is even today highly circulated and became a modell for other major works such as of Kurt Latte or Franz Altheim. A great step in the history of religious studies was the activity of the patriarch of the Oriental Studies, Franz Cumont.  

John Scheid

Nowadays the research of Roman Religion became so sophisticated and highly elaborated, that it could be a separate science in the field of classical studies. His affiliation is also difficult: the methodological approach of a religious phenomena or object are in dispute of cognitive archaeology, historian of religions, art historians and classicists also. 

In the latest monograph about Roman Religion (Jörk Rüpke, A Companion to the Roman Religion, Blackwell 2007) we can see the main areas and chief personalities of research.

Marteen Vermaseren, Robert Turcan, Ramsey McMullen, Roger Beck, Richard Gordon, Manfred Clauss, Giulia Gasparro, John Sheid, John North, Jörg Rüpke, Mary Beard, Ando Clifford, Andreas Bendlin are just few of the most citated scholars of the field. 

As Robert Phillips III. (who is the chief researcher in the historiography of Roman Religion after H.J. Rose and R. Schilling) argued in his articles, there is still no unanimously accepted method in the study of Roman Religion, because of it's doubtful place between archaeology, history of religion and anthropology.